‌Industrial‌: Automotive exhaust systems (e.g., 409/439 grades), chemical tanks (316L), and fasteners (304).

‌Construction‌: Skyscrapers, bridges (duplex steels for corrosion resistance).

‌Household‌: Cutlery (18/10 grade), sinks (430 with abrasion resistance).

‌Medical‌: Surgical tools (420/440C), MRI scanner components (non-magnetic austenitic steels).

‌Food Processing‌: Dairy industry piping (electropolished 316L for hygiene).

Carbon steel (classified as low, medium, or high carbon) is widely used due to its strength, affordability, and machinability:

Construction: Structural beams (ASTM A36), rebar (Grade 60), and pipelines (API 5L).

Automotive: Chassis components (SAE 1018), gears (AISI 1045).

Manufacturing: Tools (drill bits, blades), machinery parts (shafts, bolts).

Energy: Oil/gas drilling equipment (high-strength ASTM A53 pipes).

Transportation: Railroad tracks (medium-carbon steel rails withstand heavy loads).

Consumer Goods: Kitchen knives (high-carbon steel blades for edge retention).

Nickel-based alloys excel in extreme environments due to their corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, and oxidation tolerance:

Aerospace: Turbine blades (e.g., Inconel 718), combustion chambers (Hastelloy X).

Energy: Nuclear reactor components (Alloy 600), oil/gas downhole tools (Monel K500).

Chemical Processing: Acid-resistant pipes (Hastelloy C276), electrolysis anodes.

Marine: Propeller shafts (Cu-Ni alloys), seawater valves (Alloy 625).

Electrical Systems

Power transmission lines (99.9% pure electrolytic copper)

Transformer windings and EV motors (high-purity oxygen-free copper)
Plumbing systems (Type L/M copper pipes for water supply)

Architectural cladding (patina-resistant copper alloys like C12200)
Industrial Machinery

Heat exchangers (admiralty brass C44300 for seawater cooling)

Bearings and bushings (leaded bronze C93200)

Transportation: Aircraft fuselages (7075-T6 alloy), car bodies (AA5182 for Audi A8), and high-speed train shells.

Construction: Window frames (6063-T5), curtain walls (powder-coated AA3003), and bridges (Al-Mg-Si alloys).

Packaging: Beverage cans (AA3104 with 70% recycled content), foil for pharmaceuticals.

Energy: Solar panel frames (anodized 6061), lithium-ion battery housings (die-cast ADC12).

Applications and Case Studies

Steel Sheet Piles (U/Z-type): Interlocking profiles for earth retention and water barriers.

I-Beams (W-shape): Horizontal load-bearing members in construction.

Angle Bars (L-shape): Bracing and framing components.

Technical Advantages

Sheet Piles: 25% faster installation vs. concrete alternatives.

I-Beams: 40% weight reduction over concrete beams in high-rises.

Angle Bars: Custom galvanizing (up to 86μm) for marine environments.